Xa ume ecaleni kwebhayisikile, okanye ujonge phezulu ukuze ubone isparrow idlula — ngaba wakha wazibuza: obu bomi buqhelekileyo bakhe babona ulawulo lweedayinaso? Zii "fossils eziphilayo" ezabelana ngeplanethi yethu, "izidalwa zokwenene" zexesha ledayinaso. Namhlanje, masibazi aba "makhelwane beedayinaso" abaye badlula amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka kwaye basaphila nathi.
Umnombo Wamandulo Wezityalo
IiCycads zazizizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimenyu yeedinosaur. Imvelaphi yazo inokulandelwa emva kwixesha leDevonian, malunga neminyaka eyi-350 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Uninzi lweefosili zecycad ezifunyenweyo namhlanje zivela kwiPermian, kodwa zafikelela kwinqanaba lehlabathi ngexesha leMesozoic, ukusuka kwiTriassic ukuya kwiCretaceous. Amagqabi azo aqinileyo, aneentsiba kunye neziqu ezityebileyo zesitatshi zibonelela ngamandla amaninzi kwiidinosaur ezininzi ezinkulu ezitya utyani. Kwiibhedi zeefosili zedinosaur kulo lonke elaseTshayina - kuquka iZigong neGansu - izazinzulu zihlala zifumana iifosili zamagqabi ecycad ezigcinwe ecaleni kweenyawo zeedinosaur kunye namathambo.
IGinkgo yintsomi kubukumkani bezityalo — udidi lwayo, ulungelelwano, usapho, kunye nohlobo lwayo luqulathe uhlobo olunye kuphela oluphilayo: iGinkgo biloba, eme yodwa ngokwenene. I-ginkgo yaqala ukubonakala malunga nezigidi ezingama-345 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ngexesha leCarboniferous kwaye yasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela ngexesha leMesozoic. Kwiifosili zeCretaceous zasekuqaleni zeJehol Biota ezafunyanwa kwiPhondo laseLiaoning, amagqabi e-ginkgo afunyenwe engcwatywe kunye needinosaurs ezineentsiba kunye neentaka zakudala. Ukusinda kwe-ginkgo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje kungenxa yokuqina kwayo okumangalisayo: iikhompawundi zeekhemikhali kumagqabi ayo zimelana nezinambuzane nezifo, ngelixa umaleko wangaphandle wembewu yayo uqulethe izinto ezilwa neentsholongwane. Ekupheleni kwekwindla, loo magqabi egolide, anomfanekiso wefeni ayimibuliso ethunyelwa kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka.
IMetasequoia (umthi obomvu odawn), iSequoia (umthi obomvu onxwemeni), iSequoiadendron (umthi omkhulu we-sequoia), kunye neentlobo ezininzi ze-cypress zonke zinezinyanya ezazikhula kunye needinosaur. KwiPetrified Forest National Park edumileyo entshona ye-United States, umthi omkhulu we-petrified ubuyela kwi-Late Triassic— kanye ixesha apho iidinosaur zaziqala ukukhula. Le mithi mide yakha iindawo eziphambili zehlathi apho iidinosaur zazihlala khona. Ukufunyanwa kweMetasequoia kwiPhondo laseHubei, eTshayina, ngo-1941 kwakumangalisa kakhulu—yabizwa ngokuba "yifosili ephilayo" kuba izazinzulu zazikholelwa ukuba yaphela, eyaziwa kuphela kwirekhodi yeefosili.
Igazi lamandulo kwiBukumkani bezilwanyana
Iingwenya zanamhlanje, iingwenya, kunye nee-gharial zifana kakhulu ngendlela eziphila ngayo nezidalwa zookhokho bazo baseCretaceous. Umzekelo, iSarcosuchus edumileyo yayiphila malunga ne-110 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo eAfrika, ifikelela kubude obufikelela kwiimitha ezili-12 kwaye imi njengesilwanyana esiphambili sexesha layo. Icebo labo lokuzingela izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, ezizingela ngokungeyomfuneko libonakalise ukuba "luyilo" oluphumelele kakhulu, oludluliselwa ngokuthe chu ngotshintsho olukhulu lokusingqongileyo. Intliziyo yengwenya enamagumbi amane anzima kunye neepatheni ezikhethekileyo zemetabolism ziimpawu ezibancede basinde kwisiganeko sokuphela kobuninzi kwiminyaka engama-66 yezigidi eyadlulayo.
I-tuatara, ehlala kwiziqithi ezimbalwa zaseNew Zealand, yeyona imele kuphela i-Rhynchocephalia. Eli qela lalinomahluko kakhulu ngexesha leTriassic, lihlala kunye needinosaur zakuqala. Izinga lokuzivelela kwe-tuatara liye lacotha kakhulu - ulwakhiwo lwayo lwentloko kunye neliso lesithathu "le-parietal" (ilungu elibona ukukhanya) ziphantse zifane nezo zookhokho bayo bamandulo kwiminyaka eyi-200 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ukufunda i-tuatara kufana nokubuka ngefestile ephilayo kwizirhubuluzi zakudala zexesha le-dinosaur.
Nangona zihlala elwandle, ubukho beenkala zehashe buyamangalisa. Zikwi-subphylum Chelicerata, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zihlobene kakhulu nezigcawu kunye neenkala kunokuba zibe ziinkala zokwenyani. Ookhokho beenkala zehashe baqala kwi-Ordovician, kwaye uhlobo lwenkala yehashe yanamhlanje lwasekwa phantse kwiminyaka eyi-200 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Igazi labo eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elikhethekileyo (eliqulethe ii-ion zekopolo) lixabiseke kakhulu kuvavanyo lwezonyango. Ngelixa iidinosaur zazilawula ilizwe, ookhokho beenkala zehashe babehambahamba elwandle olungaphantsi - kwaye basahlala befana nanamhlanje.
Ezi "zii-dinosaur ezikufutshane" zingaphezulu nje kwemimangaliso. Zizii-archive eziphilayo zembali yokuguquka koMhlaba. Ngaphakathi kwii-genomes zazo, iindlela ze-physiological, kunye neendima ze-ecological kukho izitshixo zokuqonda amaqhinga okuphila amandulo. Kwangaxeshanye, uninzi lwazo lujongene nezisongelo zanamhlanje ezifana nokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Ukuzikhusela kuthetha ukukhusela ubomi obungaqhelekanga, obusaqhubeka.
Ngexesha elizayo xa ulandela imithambo yegqabi leginkgo, okanye umangaliswa yindlela endala yokujonga ingwenya, khumbula — uchukumisa inkumbulo ephilayo egubungela ixesha lokulawula kweedayinaso. Zilapha kanye apha, zihlala ecaleni kwethu, zisibalisela ibali lobunzulu bexesha kunye nokuqina kobomi.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-28-2026
